
Your puppy should have been habituated to every day household noises while with the breeder :( Noise CDs are all fine and well for less common sounds such as fireworks, gunshot, thunder etc but TBH as far as other every day noises are concerned you will need to put in a lot of time and effort liberally saturated in patience to get your puppy to overcome phobias with normal sounds.
For outside noises such as traffic find a bench or low wall a safe and considerable distance from a road way and simply while away the time with him - be relaxed and happy go lucky in your own attitude as you don't want to pass anxiety onto him - equally do not molly coddle him if he's spooky. If he can't handle it from say 15 metres away, go 20m / 30m /50m away - find his personal *comfort zone* and work very gradually from there.
Re vacuum cleaner - don't put it on or leave it lying around in a room he's in. Enlist the help of a family member to vacuum a room some distance away (upstairs for eg) while you are playing with him/feeding him elsewhere. Let him become very gradually used to the sight, noise and vibrations from a distance and move slowly on from there.
Re lawnmowers, don't expose him to your own - sit in the garden and play with him and give him treats when distant gardens are being spruced up ;) Over time he will become less and less disturbed by the noise - but be patient and don't try to force any issues with him.
Re pushchairs et al - if I were you I'd take the puppy to a small village or pedestrian precinct and let him get used to all sorts of weird and wonderful (to him at any rate) sights, sounds and smells. Again find a place to sit and don't be too close to anything that's likely to really worry him. Don't encourage strangers to interact with him - let him set the pace for what he can and can't handle. If he freaks at the sight of someone passing with a push chair, wheel chair, shopping trolley, walking sticks, rucksack -
ignore! As you already know he's frightened of the workmen and machinery down the road from you I'd avoid it - it is probably too much and too close for him to be able to deal with. Concentrate on getting him used to *life* - confident and happy in his own home regardless of the appliances being used - and ditto with normal day to day routine sights and sounds which will be a regular part of having a walk :)
It's obviously easier to overcome these issues (or not have them at all) if a puppy has been correctly socialised by his breeder - unfortunately your puppy doesn't seem to have had the benefit of this :( Given time, patience and lots of intensive work on your part you will get him through this stage.
Good luck, Teri :)