
It is a case of how long is a piece of string. A dog should be capable of siring puppies for as long as he is able to mate a bitch, though fertility can decline or cease with some males, usually due to some health issue.
If the sperm are capable of fertilizing an egg they should be able to produce pups of the same potential health throughout the dogs life.
Of course it also depends on the genes of the mother and which negative ones they both carry, and how these combine in the offspring.
As for the vigour of the actual pups that is primarily dependant on the mother, how well they fared in the womb and afterwards.