
It does happen sometimes. Anaesthetic can hit some dogs really hard, and indeed some dogs don't tolerate painkillers well - I imagine this dog was given a non-steroidal, this can trigger colitis in a lot of dogs.
Incidentally, if he does get ABs for the colitis - make sure he gets a probiotic to rebalance things afterwards. Pro-kolin is the best for sudden onset like this. A dog of mine had her colitis triggered by ABs, it took me a year to find out that her gut was still totally imbalanced but following a big course of pro-kolin she's back to normal now. But she still can't have non-steroidals as she's been left with too sensitive a gut.
On a separate note, I've known a dog have an absolutely horrendous time after a straightforward castration - he reacted to the suture material, swelled up like a grapefruit down below and was very sick for weeks. So it's not common, but it can really hit some hard.