
Investigations
There are several investigations, which may be undertaken by a veterinary cardiologist, to diagnose and evaluate aortic stenosis and other heart conditions.
Heart murmurs are graded from 0 to 6, according to the severity of the murmur:
Grade 0/6 denotes no murmur.
Grade 1/6 and 2/6 murmurs are generally considered to be "mild".
Dogs with Grade 1/6 and 2/6 murmurs are very unlikely to develop any symptoms as a result of their aortic stenosis and should lead perfectly "normal" lives.
Grade 3/6 and 4/6 murmurs are generally considered to be "moderate".
The majority of dogs with Grade 3/6 and 4/6 murmurs are also unlikely to develop any symptoms, but a small number will go on to become symptomatic.
Grade 5/6 and 6/6 murmurs are generally considered to be "severe".
Dogs with Grade 5/6 and 6/6 murmurs are most at risk of developing symptoms - (see below).
X-ray looks at the shape and size of the heart and can identify abnormal enlargement of the heart chambers e.g. left ventricle in severe AS.
Electrocardiography measures the electrical impulses of the heart and can identify any abnormal heart rhythms e.g. VPCs (ventricular premature contractions) in severe AS.
Ultrasound with Doppler studies:
Ultrasound enables the vet to measure all the internal dimensions of the heart, in particular the thickness of the left ventricular wall with regard to aortic stenosis.
Doppler studies allow the vet to measure the speed of blood flow through the heart valves i.e. from one chamber to another or, in the case of aortic stenosis, specifically from the left ventricle to the aorta via the aortic valve; this is the aortic outflow velocity.